GS Paper–II Mains – Previous Year Questions & Answers
Page–9 : Contemporary Governance & Revision Focus
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
Q41. “Effective governance requires a balance between rule of law and discretion.” Critically examine.
Rule of law ensures equality before law, predictability, and fairness in governance. At the same time, administrative discretion allows flexibility to address complex and dynamic situations.
Excessive rigidity may result in injustice when laws fail to account for ground realities, while unregulated discretion can lead to arbitrariness and abuse of power. Therefore, discretion must be guided by legal frameworks, constitutional values, and accountability mechanisms.
A balanced approach strengthens responsive governance while preserving legality and public trust.
Q42. “Policy coherence across ministries is essential for effective public service delivery.” Analyse.
Public service delivery often involves multiple ministries and levels of government. Lack of coordination can result in duplication, delays, and inefficient outcomes.
Policy coherence ensures alignment of objectives, resources, and implementation strategies. Whole-of-government approaches, inter-ministerial coordination, and data-sharing platforms enhance administrative effectiveness.
Strengthening institutional mechanisms for coordination is essential for citizen-centric governance and efficient service delivery.
Q43. “Judicial delays undermine access to justice.” Discuss governance implications.
Access to timely justice is a fundamental aspect of rule of law. Judicial delays weaken public confidence and disproportionately affect vulnerable sections.
Backlog of cases, procedural complexity, and capacity constraints contribute to delays. Delayed justice also burdens administration and hampers governance effectiveness.
Judicial reforms, use of technology, and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms are crucial for improving access to justice and strengthening democratic governance.
Q44. “Data-driven governance improves efficiency but raises ethical concerns.” Examine.
Data-driven governance enables informed decision-making, targeted service delivery, and efficient resource allocation. It enhances transparency and outcome monitoring.
However, extensive data collection raises concerns related to privacy, consent, and potential misuse. Exclusion of digitally marginalised groups also poses governance challenges.
Ethical data governance frameworks, robust safeguards, and inclusive digital policies are essential to balance efficiency with rights and equity.
Q45. “Trust-based governance is essential for democratic resilience.” Discuss.
Trust between citizens and the state enhances compliance, cooperation, and governance effectiveness. Low trust leads to resistance, policy failure, and social fragmentation.
Transparent decision-making, accountability, and citizen engagement are key drivers of trust-based governance. Consistent service delivery and ethical conduct reinforce institutional credibility.
Building trust is a long-term process that strengthens democratic resilience and sustainable governance outcomes.
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