GS Paper–II Mains – Previous Year Questions & Answers
Page–2 : Federalism, Centre–State & Local Governance
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Q6. “Indian federalism is cooperative in theory but competitive in practice.” Examine.
The Indian Constitution establishes a federal system with a strong centre, designed to maintain unity while accommodating diversity. Cooperative federalism is reflected in mechanisms such as the Inter-State Council, Finance Commission and centrally sponsored schemes.
However, in practice, competitive federalism has gained prominence, especially in fiscal devolution, resource allocation and policy implementation. States compete for investment, rankings and central assistance. While competition can enhance efficiency, it may also widen regional disparities.
Thus, Indian federalism operates through a balance of cooperation and competition, requiring dialogue and institutional trust to strengthen national integration.
Q7. “The role of the Governor has become a contentious issue in Centre–State relations.” Discuss.
The Governor acts as the constitutional link between the Centre and the States. However, discretionary powers such as recommending President’s Rule, reserving bills and appointing Chief Ministers have made the office politically sensitive.
Allegations of partisanship and delayed decisions have strained Centre–State relations. Judicial interventions and commission recommendations have sought to limit misuse of gubernatorial discretion.
Therefore, adherence to constitutional morality and political neutrality is essential to preserve the federal spirit.
Q8. “Fiscal federalism is central to strengthening cooperative federalism in India.” Analyse.
Fiscal federalism concerns the distribution of financial resources between the Centre and the States. Adequate fiscal autonomy enables states to perform their constitutional responsibilities effectively.
Institutions like the Finance Commission play a key role in revenue sharing and grants-in-aid. Recent reforms aim to enhance transparency and equity, though issues such as GST compensation have generated tensions.
A fair and predictable fiscal framework is vital for cooperative federalism and balanced regional development.
Q9. “Local self-government has strengthened democratic decentralisation in India.” Evaluate.
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments institutionalised local self-government to promote grassroots democracy. Panchayats and municipalities enable citizen participation and local planning.
They have improved inclusiveness by ensuring representation of women and marginalised groups. However, limited financial autonomy, capacity constraints and state interference restrict their effectiveness.
Strengthening devolution of functions, funds and functionaries is essential to realise the true potential of local governance.
Q10. “Decentralisation is not merely administrative but a democratic necessity.” Discuss.
Decentralisation brings governance closer to the people by transferring decision-making authority to local levels. It enhances accountability, responsiveness and participatory democracy.
In a diverse country like India, local solutions are often more effective than centralised decision-making. Decentralisation also empowers communities and strengthens social capital.
Thus, decentralisation is a democratic imperative that deepens governance and development outcomes.
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