GS Paper–II Mains – Previous Year Questions & Answers
Page–14 : Abstract Governance, Democracy & Statecraft
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Q66. “Democratic governance is as much about restraint as it is about authority.” Examine.
Democratic governance grants authority to the state to maintain order, deliver welfare, and pursue development. However, this authority must be exercised with restraint to protect individual liberties and constitutional values.
Restraint ensures that power is not misused for partisan or coercive ends. It is reflected in respect for rule of law, institutional boundaries, and dissent. Unchecked authority can undermine democratic legitimacy and public trust.
Thus, effective democratic governance balances authority with restraint, strengthening both state capacity and citizen confidence.
Q67. “The strength of a democracy lies in its institutions, not in individuals.” Discuss.
Democratic systems are designed to be institution-centric rather than personality-driven. Institutions provide continuity, predictability, and accountability in governance.
Strong institutions prevent concentration of power and ensure checks and balances. Over-reliance on individuals, however charismatic, can weaken institutional processes and democratic norms.
Therefore, building resilient institutions is essential for sustaining democracy beyond political cycles.
Q68. “Governance failures often reflect institutional weakness rather than policy absence.” Analyse.
Many governance challenges persist despite the presence of sound policies. This indicates weaknesses in institutional capacity, coordination, and implementation.
Poor monitoring, resource constraints, and lack of accountability undermine policy outcomes. Strengthening institutions, rather than frequent policy changes, is crucial for effective governance.
Thus, institutional reform is key to addressing governance failures and improving public service delivery.
Q69. “Democracy must continuously adapt to remain relevant.” Examine.
Democracy is not static; it must evolve to address changing social, economic, and technological contexts. Adaptation ensures responsiveness to citizen aspirations and emerging challenges.
Mechanisms such as electoral reforms, digital participation, and institutional innovation enable democratic adaptation. Failure to adapt may lead to alienation and democratic decline.
Hence, continuous reform and renewal are essential for democratic vitality and resilience.
Q70. “State legitimacy flows from justice, not merely from power.” Discuss.
State legitimacy depends on citizens’ perception that authority is exercised justly and in public interest. Power alone cannot sustain long-term legitimacy.
Justice in governance includes fairness, rule of law, equity, and respect for rights. When governance is perceived as unjust, trust erodes and social cohesion weakens.
Therefore, justice-based governance is fundamental to maintaining state legitimacy, democratic stability, and sustainable development.
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