GS Paper–II Mains – Previous Year Questions & Answers
Page–6 : Integrated Governance & Contemporary Issues
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Q26. “Constitutional morality is as important as constitutional provisions in ensuring good governance.” Discuss.
Constitutional morality refers to adherence to the spirit and values of the Constitution, beyond the literal interpretation of its provisions. It emphasises respect for democratic principles, institutional integrity, and ethical conduct in public life.
Good governance requires not only legal compliance but also moral commitment from constitutional authorities. Instances related to misuse of discretionary powers, erosion of institutional autonomy, or political partisanship highlight the need for constitutional morality.
Judicial pronouncements have reinforced constitutional morality as a guiding principle in governance. Thus, constitutional morality complements legal frameworks and strengthens democratic governance.
Q27. “Policy implementation is the weakest link in India’s governance system.” Analyse.
India has a robust policy formulation framework, supported by constitutional institutions and expert bodies. However, outcomes often fall short due to weaknesses in implementation.
Challenges such as bureaucratic delays, capacity constraints, inter-departmental coordination issues, and inadequate monitoring affect policy execution. Ground-level realities are sometimes overlooked in top-down approaches.
Strengthening implementation through decentralisation, use of technology, and accountability mechanisms is essential for effective governance and public trust.
Q28. “Judicial activism and judicial restraint are two sides of the same coin.” Examine.
Judicial activism refers to proactive judicial intervention to protect constitutional values and fundamental rights, especially when other institutions fail. Judicial restraint emphasises respect for the domain of the legislature and executive.
Both approaches are essential for maintaining institutional balance. Excessive activism may lead to judicial overreach, while excessive restraint may allow constitutional violations to persist.
A balanced approach, guided by constitutional morality and public interest, ensures that the judiciary strengthens democracy without undermining separation of powers.
Q29. “Role of pressure groups and civil society has increased in governance, but concerns remain.” Discuss.
Pressure groups and civil society organisations play an important role in articulating public demands and influencing policy decisions. They enhance participatory governance and democratic accountability.
However, issues such as lack of transparency, external influence, and politicisation have raised concerns about credibility. Regulatory challenges also affect their functioning.
Ensuring accountability, while protecting democratic space, is necessary for civil society to contribute positively to governance.
Q30. “Crisis situations test the strength of governance institutions.” Examine with reference to recent challenges.
Crisis situations such as pandemics, natural disasters, or internal security challenges test the resilience of governance systems. They require coordination, leadership, and administrative capacity.
Effective crisis management depends on institutional preparedness, clear communication, and citizen cooperation. Weak governance structures often exacerbate the impact of crises.
Strengthening institutions, early warning systems, and cooperative federalism is essential for managing future challenges and ensuring public confidence.
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