GS Paper–II Mains – Previous Year Questions & Answers
Page–7 : Democratic Institutions & Governance Maturity
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
Q31. “Democracy is not only about institutions but also about democratic culture.” Examine.
Democracy is sustained not merely by constitutional institutions but by democratic culture rooted in values such as tolerance, dialogue, and respect for dissent. While institutions provide formal frameworks, their effectiveness depends on the attitudes and behaviour of political actors and citizens.
A democratic culture encourages participation, acceptance of diversity, and peaceful resolution of conflicts. Weak democratic culture can lead to majoritarianism, institutional erosion, and decline in public trust.
Thus, nurturing democratic culture through education, free media, and civic engagement is essential for the long-term health of democracy.
Q32. “Parliamentary oversight is central to executive accountability, but its effectiveness has declined.” Discuss.
Parliamentary oversight ensures that the executive remains accountable to the legislature through debates, questions, committees, and financial scrutiny. It is a cornerstone of parliamentary democracy.
However, frequent disruptions, limited sittings, and declining committee scrutiny have weakened parliamentary oversight. Complex policy issues often receive inadequate deliberation.
Strengthening committee systems, improving legislative capacity, and fostering bipartisan cooperation are essential to restore effective oversight and democratic accountability.
Q33. “Institutional autonomy is vital for maintaining constitutional balance.” Analyse.
Institutional autonomy allows constitutional bodies to function independently without undue political or executive interference. Autonomy enhances credibility, professionalism, and public trust.
Institutions such as the Election Commission, Comptroller and Auditor General, and judiciary play a critical role in upholding democratic principles. Erosion of autonomy can weaken checks and balances.
Ensuring transparent appointments, security of tenure, and respect for institutional decisions is necessary to preserve constitutional balance and democratic governance.
Q34. “Populism poses both opportunities and challenges for democratic governance.” Critically examine.
Populism often emerges as a response to perceived elite dominance and governance deficits. It can increase political participation and draw attention to neglected issues.
However, unchecked populism may undermine institutions, promote short-term policies, and weaken fiscal discipline. It can also marginalise dissenting voices.
Therefore, democratic governance must balance popular aspirations with institutional stability and long-term policy considerations.
Q35. “Trust deficit between citizens and the state is a major governance challenge.” Analyse.
Trust is the foundation of effective governance. When citizens trust institutions, compliance improves and governance outcomes are enhanced.
Corruption, lack of transparency, and poor service delivery contribute to trust deficit. This weakens democratic legitimacy and social cohesion.
Rebuilding trust requires responsive governance, accountability, and consistent citizen engagement. A trust-based relationship strengthens democracy and development.
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