GS Paper–II Mains – Previous Year Questions & Answers
Page–3 : Governance, Transparency & E-Governance
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Q11. “Transparency is a key pillar of good governance.” Examine its significance in a democracy.
Transparency refers to openness in decision-making and accessibility of information to citizens. In a democracy, transparency enhances trust between the state and society by enabling informed participation.
It acts as a deterrent against corruption, arbitrary decision-making, and abuse of power. Instruments such as the Right to Information Act, open data initiatives, and public disclosure norms promote accountability in governance.
However, transparency must be balanced with concerns of privacy, national security, and administrative efficiency. Overall, transparency strengthens democratic legitimacy and improves governance outcomes.
Q12. “The Right to Information Act has transformed the relationship between citizens and the state.” Discuss.
The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 empowered citizens to seek information from public authorities, making governance more accountable and participatory. It shifted the balance of power by reducing information asymmetry between the state and citizens.
RTI has exposed corruption, improved service delivery, and enhanced responsiveness of public institutions. It has strengthened civil society and promoted democratic vigilance.
However, challenges such as delays, misuse, and threats to activists persist. Strengthening implementation and protecting information seekers are essential to sustain the transformative potential of RTI.
Q13. “E-governance is not merely about technology but about transformation of governance.” Analyse.
E-governance involves the use of information and communication technology to improve efficiency, transparency, and accessibility of government services. However, its true significance lies beyond digitisation.
By reengineering processes, e-governance reduces human discretion, minimises corruption, and improves service delivery. Initiatives such as digital payments, online portals, and direct benefit transfers have transformed citizen–state interaction.
Yet, challenges like digital divide, cybersecurity, and capacity gaps remain. Thus, e-governance represents governance transformation, not just technological adoption.
Q14. “Accountability mechanisms are essential for effective public administration.” Discuss.
Accountability ensures that public officials are answerable for their actions and decisions. It is central to democratic governance and rule of law.
Mechanisms such as parliamentary oversight, audit institutions, judicial review, and social audits promote accountability. They enhance administrative efficiency and public trust.
However, weak enforcement, political interference, and institutional overlap limit their effectiveness. Strengthening accountability frameworks is crucial for responsive and ethical governance.
Q15. “Citizen participation strengthens governance outcomes.” Evaluate.
Citizen participation enhances governance by incorporating local knowledge, needs, and feedback into policy-making. It promotes inclusiveness and democratic legitimacy.
Participatory mechanisms such as public consultations, grievance redress systems, and social audits improve accountability and service delivery. They also empower marginalised sections.
However, effective participation requires awareness, capacity, and institutional support. Thus, citizen engagement is a vital component of effective governance.
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