GS Paper–II Mains – Previous Year Questions & Answers
Page–5 : International Relations (IR)
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Q21. “India’s foreign policy is guided by the principles of strategic autonomy.” Examine.
Strategic autonomy has been a guiding principle of India’s foreign policy since independence. It refers to India’s ability to make independent decisions based on national interest without being constrained by alliances or external pressures.
In the post–Cold War period, India has adapted this principle to a multipolar world by engaging with multiple power centres. India maintains strong relations with the United States, Russia, the European Union, and regional partners while preserving policy independence.
Thus, strategic autonomy allows India to balance global engagements and safeguard its long-term interests in a dynamic international system.
Q22. “India’s neighbourhood policy is crucial for regional stability.” Discuss.
India’s neighbourhood policy recognises that peaceful and stable neighbours are essential for national security and development. Initiatives such as regional connectivity, development assistance, and people-to-people contacts aim to strengthen regional cooperation.
However, political instability, cross-border terrorism, and external influence pose challenges to neighbourhood relations. India’s approach combines diplomacy, developmental support, and security cooperation.
A stable neighbourhood enhances regional integration and strengthens India’s role as a responsible regional power.
Q23. “Multilateral institutions are essential for addressing global challenges.” Analyse India’s role.
Global challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and terrorism transcend national boundaries and require collective action. Multilateral institutions provide platforms for cooperation and consensus-building.
India actively participates in forums such as the United Nations, G20, and international climate negotiations. It advocates reforms in global governance to reflect contemporary realities and the interests of developing countries.
Through multilateral engagement, India contributes to global problem-solving while promoting equitable and inclusive global order.
Q24. “India’s engagement with the Indo-Pacific reflects a shift in its strategic outlook.” Examine.
The Indo-Pacific has emerged as a key strategic region due to economic integration, maritime security, and geopolitical competition. India’s engagement reflects a proactive and outward-looking foreign policy.
Through partnerships with regional and extra-regional actors, India promotes freedom of navigation, rules-based order, and connectivity. Its approach emphasises inclusiveness and respect for sovereignty.
Thus, Indo-Pacific engagement enhances India’s strategic presence and contributes to regional stability.
Q25. “Diaspora diplomacy has become an important dimension of India’s foreign policy.” Discuss.
The Indian diaspora acts as a bridge between India and host countries. It contributes to economic ties, cultural exchange, and soft power projection.
Government initiatives have institutionalised engagement with the diaspora through welfare measures, investment facilitation, and cultural outreach. The diaspora also influences public opinion and policy discourse abroad.
Effective diaspora diplomacy strengthens India’s global image and supports national development goals.
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