GS Paper–II Mains – Previous Year Questions & Answers
Page–8 : Rights, Accountability, Media & Civil Services
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Q36. “Protection of civil liberties is essential even during crisis situations.” Examine.
Civil liberties form the core of a constitutional democracy and ensure dignity, freedom, and rule of law. Even during crisis situations such as emergencies, pandemics, or internal security threats, their protection remains crucial.
While the state may impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order or security, such measures must be proportionate, time-bound, and subject to judicial review. Unchecked curtailment of liberties can lead to abuse of power and erosion of democratic norms.
Thus, balancing security concerns with protection of civil liberties is essential for maintaining constitutional governance and public trust.
Q37. “Right to privacy has redefined the relationship between the state and the individual.” Discuss.
The recognition of the right to privacy as a fundamental right has significantly reshaped state–citizen relations. It affirms individual autonomy, dignity, and control over personal information.
In an era of digital governance and surveillance, privacy safeguards prevent excessive state intrusion. At the same time, privacy is not absolute and may be restricted for legitimate state interests through fair, reasonable, and lawful procedures.
Thus, the right to privacy strengthens democratic governance by ensuring a rights-based approach to policy-making and administration.
Q38. “An independent and responsible media is vital for democratic accountability.” Analyse.
Media acts as a watchdog by informing citizens, scrutinising government actions, and facilitating public debate. An independent media strengthens transparency and democratic accountability.
However, challenges such as misinformation, commercial pressures, political influence, and sensationalism have affected media credibility. Responsible journalism is essential to balance freedom of expression with ethical standards.
Strengthening media ethics, regulatory mechanisms, and media literacy can enhance media’s constructive role in democratic governance.
Q39. “Civil services reforms are critical for improving governance outcomes in India.” Examine.
Civil services act as the backbone of policy implementation and service delivery. Effective governance depends on their efficiency, integrity, and professionalism.
Challenges such as procedural rigidity, capacity gaps, and politicisation limit administrative effectiveness. Reforms focusing on training, performance evaluation, use of technology, and ethical standards can improve responsiveness and accountability.
Thus, comprehensive civil services reforms are essential for citizen-centric governance and sustainable development.
Q40. “Social accountability mechanisms strengthen democratic governance.” Discuss.
Social accountability involves citizens directly holding public institutions accountable through participatory mechanisms. It complements formal accountability structures.
Tools such as social audits, public hearings, and grievance redress systems enhance transparency and service delivery. They empower citizens and improve trust in governance.
However, effectiveness depends on awareness, institutional support, and protection against retaliation. Strengthening social accountability deepens democracy and governance effectiveness.
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