GS-II Previous Questions & Answers – Page 5
UPSC Mains GS-II
Federalism & Centre–State Relations
Q41. Examine the nature of federalism in the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution establishes a federal system with a strong unitary bias. While powers are divided between the Centre and the States through Union, State and Concurrent Lists, the Centre enjoys greater authority.
Features such as single citizenship, emergency provisions and residuary powers strengthen national unity. Thus, Indian federalism is often described as “quasi-federal”.
Prelims value: Residuary powers lie with the Union.
Q42. “Indian federalism is dynamic, not static.” Discuss.
Answer:
Indian federalism has evolved through constitutional amendments, judicial interpretation and political practice. Institutions like the Finance Commission and GST Council reflect changing federal dynamics.
The shift towards cooperative and competitive federalism highlights its adaptive nature in response to governance needs.
Q43. Discuss the legislative relations between the Centre and the States.
Answer:
Legislative relations are governed by Articles 245–255. Parliament can legislate on State subjects under special circumstances such as national interest or during emergencies.
The Concurrent List allows both levels to legislate, with Union law prevailing in case of conflict.
Q44. Analyse financial relations between the Centre and the States.
Answer:
Financial relations involve tax distribution, grants-in-aid and fiscal transfers. The Finance Commission plays a key role in ensuring equitable distribution.
However, vertical and horizontal imbalances continue to challenge fiscal federalism.
Prelims value: Finance Commission is constituted every five years.
Q45. Examine the role of the GST Council in strengthening federalism.
Answer:
The GST Council is a constitutional body that embodies cooperative federalism. It brings together the Centre and States to decide on tax rates and policies.
Though consensus-based, disagreements highlight the need for continuous dialogue and trust.
Q46. Discuss the role of the Inter-State Council.
Answer:
The Inter-State Council facilitates coordination between the Centre and States and resolves disputes through dialogue. It strengthens cooperative federalism.
However, its underutilisation limits its potential.
Q47. “The office of the Governor has become a point of contention in Indian federalism.” Examine.
Answer:
The Governor acts as a constitutional link between the Centre and States. However, discretionary powers and allegations of political interference have raised concerns about federal balance.
Judicial guidelines and impartial conduct are essential to restore trust.
Q48. Evaluate the impact of emergency provisions on federalism.
Answer:
Emergency provisions significantly tilt the balance in favour of the Centre by centralising powers. While necessary during crises, frequent misuse may weaken state autonomy.
Judicial oversight acts as a safeguard.
Q49. Discuss cooperative and competitive federalism in India.
Answer:
Cooperative federalism involves collaboration between Centre and States, while competitive federalism encourages States to innovate and improve governance.
Institutions like NITI Aayog promote both approaches.
Q50. “Strong States are essential for a strong Union.” Comment.
Answer:
Empowered States can address regional needs effectively and strengthen national development. Balanced federalism ensures unity without suppressing diversity.
— Shaktimatha 369 Learning
📘 UPSC GS–II MASTER LIBRARY
Polity • Governance • Social Justice • International Relations
Prelims | Mains | Interview
📚 SECTION 1: GS–II FOUNDATION & CORE BUILDING
- GS–II Building: Polity, Governance & IR Foundation
- Indian Constitution: Philosophy & Salient Features
- Fundamental Rights, DPSP & Duties
- Parliament, Executive & Judiciary
- GS–II Building – Page 5
🏛️ SECTION 2: GOVERNANCE & SOCIAL JUSTICE
🌍 SECTION 3: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
🧠 SECTION 4: CASE STUDIES & FINAL REVISION
📝 SECTION 5: GS–II PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS (ANSWERED)
- PYQs – Constitution
- PYQs – FRs & DPSPs
- PYQs – Parliament & Executive
- PYQs – Judiciary & Constitutional Bodies
- PYQs – Federalism & Centre–State
- PYQs – Governance
- PYQs – Social Justice & Welfare
- PYQs – International Relations
- PYQs – Contemporary Issues
- High Probability Final Questions
📦 SECTION 6: MASTER HUBS & CONNECT
- 📌 Learning Resource Hub
- 📲 WhatsApp UPSC Channel
- UPSC Weekly Constitution CA Library
- UPSC Geography Master Library
- UPPSC GS Paper–1 Library
“GS–II is not about memorising articles, but mastering governance with constitutional wisdom.”
— Shaktimatha 369 Learning
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