GS-II Previous Questions & Answers – Page 9
UPSC Mains GS-II
Contemporary Issues & Emerging Governance Challenges
Q81. Examine the challenges posed by digital governance to democracy.
Answer:
Digital governance improves efficiency and accessibility of public services. However, it also raises concerns related to data privacy, exclusion of digitally illiterate populations and algorithmic bias.
Balancing innovation with constitutional safeguards is essential to protect democratic values.
Prelims value: Digital governance links with privacy and data protection.
Q82. Discuss the issue of privacy in the age of digital surveillance.
Answer:
Technological advancements have increased State and corporate surveillance. While surveillance aids security, unchecked intrusion violates individual privacy.
The recognition of privacy as a Fundamental Right under Article 21 mandates proportional and lawful use of surveillance.
Q83. “Media freedom is essential, but not absolute.” Critically examine.
Answer:
Media plays a vital role in democracy by informing citizens and ensuring accountability. However, misinformation, sensationalism and hate speech pose serious risks.
Reasonable restrictions ensure balance between freedom of expression and public order.
Q84. Analyse the impact of social media on democratic discourse.
Answer:
Social media has expanded political participation and access to information. At the same time, it has amplified misinformation, polarisation and echo chambers.
Regulation, digital literacy and ethical use are essential to safeguard democratic discourse.
Q85. Examine the challenges to institutional autonomy in India.
Answer:
Institutions such as constitutional bodies and regulatory agencies face pressures from politicisation and executive dominance.
Ensuring transparency in appointments and protecting functional independence are necessary to preserve institutional credibility.
Q86. Discuss the relevance of constitutional morality in contemporary governance.
Answer:
Constitutional morality requires adherence to the spirit of the Constitution, especially in situations not explicitly covered by law.
It restrains arbitrary exercise of power and strengthens democratic norms in times of political contestation.
Q87. Evaluate the challenges faced by federalism in recent times.
Answer:
Fiscal centralisation, use of investigative agencies and political conflicts have strained Centre–State relations.
Dialogue, cooperative mechanisms and respect for constitutional boundaries are essential to strengthen federalism.
Q88. “Governance reforms must be citizen-centric.” Discuss.
Answer:
Citizen-centric governance prioritises service delivery, participation and accountability.
Inclusion of citizens in policy design and monitoring enhances trust and effectiveness of governance reforms.
Q89. Examine the role of ethics in public administration.
Answer:
Ethics ensures integrity, impartiality and accountability in public administration.
Ethical conduct enhances public trust and improves governance outcomes.
Prelims value: Ethics links GS-II with GS-IV.
Q90. Analyse the impact of globalisation on Indian governance.
Answer:
Globalisation has influenced policy-making, regulatory frameworks and international cooperation.
While it offers opportunities for growth, it also requires stronger governance to manage inequalities and external vulnerabilities.
— Shaktimatha 369 Learning
📘 UPSC GS–II MASTER LIBRARY
Polity • Governance • Social Justice • International Relations
Prelims | Mains | Interview
📚 SECTION 1: GS–II FOUNDATION & CORE BUILDING
- GS–II Building: Polity, Governance & IR Foundation
- Indian Constitution: Philosophy & Salient Features
- Fundamental Rights, DPSP & Duties
- Parliament, Executive & Judiciary
- GS–II Building – Page 5
🏛️ SECTION 2: GOVERNANCE & SOCIAL JUSTICE
🌍 SECTION 3: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
🧠 SECTION 4: CASE STUDIES & FINAL REVISION
📝 SECTION 5: GS–II PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS (ANSWERED)
- PYQs – Constitution
- PYQs – FRs & DPSPs
- PYQs – Parliament & Executive
- PYQs – Judiciary & Constitutional Bodies
- PYQs – Federalism & Centre–State
- PYQs – Governance
- PYQs – Social Justice & Welfare
- PYQs – International Relations
- PYQs – Contemporary Issues
- High Probability Final Questions
📦 SECTION 6: MASTER HUBS & CONNECT
- 📌 Learning Resource Hub
- 📲 WhatsApp UPSC Channel
- UPSC Weekly Constitution CA Library
- UPSC Geography Master Library
- UPPSC GS Paper–1 Library
“GS–II is not about memorising articles, but mastering governance with constitutional wisdom.”
— Shaktimatha 369 Learning
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