GS-II Building – Page 5
UPSC Mains GS-II
Federalism & Centre–State Relations
🔹 FEDERALISM IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT
Federalism refers to the constitutional division of powers between the Centre and the States. India follows a quasi-federal system with strong unitary features.
The Constitution aims to balance national unity with regional diversity.
📜 CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF FEDERALISM
- Division of powers – Union, State & Concurrent Lists
- Written Constitution
- Supremacy of the Constitution
- Independent Judiciary
- Dual polity (Centre & States)
However, emergency provisions and single citizenship give India a unitary tilt.
⚖️ LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS
Articles 245–255 deal with legislative relations.
- Parliament can legislate on State subjects under special conditions
- Residuary powers rest with the Centre
- Concurrent List allows joint law-making
This flexibility helps manage national priorities but may create Centre–State tensions.
💰 FINANCIAL RELATIONS
Financial federalism determines revenue sharing and fiscal autonomy of States.
- Tax sharing through Finance Commission
- Grants-in-aid to States
- GST Council – cooperative federalism in practice
Fiscal imbalance remains a major challenge for State autonomy.
🏛️ ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS
- All India Services
- Inter-state coordination mechanisms
- Role of Governor
Administrative cooperation is essential for effective policy implementation.
🤝 COOPERATIVE & COMPETITIVE FEDERALISM
Modern governance emphasises:
- Cooperative Federalism: Centre and States working together
- Competitive Federalism: Healthy competition for development
Institutions like NITI Aayog promote collaborative decision-making.
⚠️ CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN FEDERALISM
- Role of Governor and misuse allegations
- Central laws on State subjects
- Fiscal stress of States
- Language, regional identity and autonomy demands
UPSC expects balanced analysis, not partisan positions.
🧠 LINKAGE WITH CURRENT AFFAIRS
- GST disputes
- Centre–State coordination during disasters
- Federalism during public health emergencies
✍️ PRACTICE QUESTIONS (GS-II)
1. Examine the nature of Indian federalism and its evolving character. (10 marks)
2. “Indian federalism is increasingly cooperative and competitive.” Critically analyse. (15 marks)
“Strong States make a strong Union.”
— Shaktimatha 369 Learning
📘 UPSC GS–II MASTER LIBRARY
Polity • Governance • Social Justice • International Relations
Prelims | Mains | Interview
📚 SECTION 1: GS–II FOUNDATION & CORE BUILDING
- GS–II Building: Polity, Governance & IR Foundation
- Indian Constitution: Philosophy & Salient Features
- Fundamental Rights, DPSP & Duties
- Parliament, Executive & Judiciary
- GS–II Building – Page 5
🏛️ SECTION 2: GOVERNANCE & SOCIAL JUSTICE
🌍 SECTION 3: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
🧠 SECTION 4: CASE STUDIES & FINAL REVISION
📝 SECTION 5: GS–II PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS (ANSWERED)
- PYQs – Constitution
- PYQs – FRs & DPSPs
- PYQs – Parliament & Executive
- PYQs – Judiciary & Constitutional Bodies
- PYQs – Federalism & Centre–State
- PYQs – Governance
- PYQs – Social Justice & Welfare
- PYQs – International Relations
- PYQs – Contemporary Issues
- High Probability Final Questions
📦 SECTION 6: MASTER HUBS & CONNECT
- 📌 Learning Resource Hub
- 📲 WhatsApp UPSC Channel
- UPSC Weekly Constitution CA Library
- UPSC Geography Master Library
- UPPSC GS Paper–1 Library
“GS–II is not about memorising articles, but mastering governance with constitutional wisdom.”
— Shaktimatha 369 Learning
📘 UPSC GS–II MASTER LIBRARY
Polity • Governance • Social Justice • International Relations
Prelims | Mains | Interview
📚 SECTION 1: GS–II FOUNDATION & CORE BUILDING
- GS–II Building: Polity, Governance & IR Foundation
- Indian Constitution: Philosophy & Salient Features
- Fundamental Rights, DPSP & Duties
- Parliament, Executive & Judiciary
- GS–II Building – Page 5
🏛️ SECTION 2: GOVERNANCE & SOCIAL JUSTICE
🌍 SECTION 3: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
🧠 SECTION 4: CASE STUDIES & FINAL REVISION
📝 SECTION 5: GS–II PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS (ANSWERED)
- PYQs – Constitution
- PYQs – FRs & DPSPs
- PYQs – Parliament & Executive
- PYQs – Judiciary & Constitutional Bodies
- PYQs – Federalism & Centre–State
- PYQs – Governance
- PYQs – Social Justice & Welfare
- PYQs – International Relations
- PYQs – Contemporary Issues
- High Probability Final Questions
📦 SECTION 6: MASTER HUBS & CONNECT
- 📌 Learning Resource Hub
- 📲 WhatsApp UPSC Channel
- UPSC Weekly Constitution CA Library
- UPSC Geography Master Library
- UPPSC GS Paper–1 Library
“GS–II is not about memorising articles, but mastering governance with constitutional wisdom.”
— Shaktimatha 369 Learning
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