GS Paper–I Mains
Phase–IV : Indian Society & Social Justice
Part–3
By Shaktimatha Learning
Q86. “Poverty in India is a multidimensional phenomenon rather than merely income deprivation.” Examine.
Poverty in India extends beyond low income and encompasses deprivations in health, education, nutrition, housing, and access to basic services. The multidimensional nature of poverty reflects structural and social inequalities.
Poor health infrastructure, low educational attainment, unsafe living conditions, and lack of social security limit human capabilities and perpetuate poverty. Rural poverty is often linked to agrarian distress, while urban poverty manifests through informal employment and inadequate housing.
Recent policy approaches recognise this complexity through multidimensional poverty indices and targeted welfare interventions. However, regional disparities and implementation gaps remain.
Thus, effective poverty alleviation requires an integrated approach addressing economic, social, and institutional dimensions.
Q87. “Economic growth alone is insufficient to reduce inequality in India.” Discuss.
While economic growth is essential for poverty reduction, it does not automatically ensure equitable distribution of benefits. India’s growth experience has been accompanied by rising income and wealth inequality.
Unequal access to quality education, healthcare, and employment opportunities limits social mobility. Urban–rural divides, regional imbalances, and informal sector dominance exacerbate inequality.
Inclusive growth policies such as progressive taxation, social security, and investment in human capital are crucial to translate growth into equity.
Therefore, economic growth must be complemented by redistributive and inclusive measures to effectively address inequality.
Q88. “Migration in India reflects both opportunity and distress.” Analyse.
Migration in India is driven by diverse factors, including economic opportunity, education, and social mobility. Urban centres attract migrants due to employment prospects and better services.
At the same time, distress migration arises from agrarian crises, unemployment, and environmental stress. Seasonal migration among rural poor highlights structural vulnerabilities.
Migrants contribute significantly to urban economies, yet often face insecurity, poor living conditions, and limited access to welfare.
Thus, migration in India embodies both aspiration and compulsion, requiring policies that protect migrant rights and promote balanced regional development.
Q89. “India’s demographic dividend can turn into a demographic burden if not managed properly.” Examine.
India’s large working-age population offers the potential for accelerated economic growth, commonly referred to as demographic dividend. However, realising this potential depends on education, skills, and employment opportunities.
Inadequate job creation, skill mismatches, and poor health outcomes risk transforming this dividend into a demographic burden. Youth unemployment and underemployment pose social and economic challenges.
Investment in education, skilling, healthcare, and labour-intensive sectors is essential to harness demographic potential.
Thus, demographic advantage is not automatic but must be actively cultivated through policy intervention.
Q90. “Ageing population poses new social and economic challenges in India.” Discuss.
India is witnessing a gradual increase in its elderly population due to rising life expectancy and declining fertility rates. This demographic transition presents new challenges.
Erosion of traditional family support systems, inadequate social security, and rising healthcare costs increase elderly vulnerability. Ageing also affects labour markets and public expenditure priorities.
Developing comprehensive elderly care systems, pension coverage, and age-friendly infrastructure is increasingly important.
Thus, ageing must be addressed through inclusive social policies to ensure dignity and security for the elderly.
End of Phase–IV : Part–3
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