GS Paper–I Mains
Previous Year Questions & Model Answers
Phase–III : Part–5 (Applied Geography)
By Shaktimatha 369 Learning
Q71. “Water scarcity in India is more a result of mismanagement than physical shortage.” Examine.
India possesses substantial freshwater resources, yet water scarcity has emerged as a serious challenge. This paradox highlights the role of governance and management rather than absolute physical shortage.
Inefficient irrigation practices, over-extraction of groundwater, pollution of rivers, and unequal regional distribution have reduced water availability. Urbanisation and industrial demand further strain existing resources. Poor maintenance of traditional water bodies has worsened the situation.
While climatic variability and climate change also affect water availability, better management through rainwater harvesting, efficient irrigation, and integrated river basin planning can significantly mitigate scarcity.
Thus, water scarcity in India is largely a man-made problem requiring institutional and behavioural reforms.
Q72. “Coastal regions of India face unique environmental and economic challenges.” Analyse.
India’s long coastline supports fisheries, ports, tourism, and livelihoods of millions. However, coastal regions are increasingly vulnerable to environmental and developmental pressures.
Sea-level rise, coastal erosion, cyclones, and saline intrusion threaten ecosystems and settlements. Rapid industrialisation, port expansion, and unregulated tourism have degraded mangroves and coral reefs.
At the same time, coastal regions are crucial for India’s blue economy and global trade. Balancing development with conservation is therefore essential.
Integrated coastal zone management and community participation are key to sustainable coastal development.
Q73. “Migration in India is closely linked with regional disparities in development.” Discuss.
Migration in India is largely driven by regional inequalities in employment, income, and infrastructure. People migrate from rural and backward regions to urban and industrial centres in search of better opportunities.
Seasonal and distress migration reflect agrarian distress and lack of non-farm employment. Urban areas benefit from migrant labour, but also face challenges such as slums, overcrowding, and pressure on services.
While migration can promote remittances and skill transfer, it also highlights uneven regional development.
Thus, addressing regional disparities is essential to manage migration sustainably.
Q74. “Renewable energy geography is reshaping India’s energy landscape.” Examine.
India’s transition towards renewable energy is transforming its energy geography. Solar and wind energy potential is unevenly distributed across regions.
States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu have emerged as renewable energy hubs due to favourable climatic conditions. Renewable energy reduces dependence on fossil fuels, enhances energy security, and supports climate commitments.
However, challenges include grid integration, land acquisition, and storage infrastructure. Balanced regional planning is required to maximise benefits.
Thus, renewable energy is reshaping India’s spatial, economic, and environmental energy dynamics.
Q75. “Geography provides an integrative framework to understand contemporary global challenges.” Comment.
Geography connects physical processes with human activities, making it uniquely suited to analyse global challenges. Issues such as climate change, resource depletion, and urbanisation are inherently spatial in nature.
Geographical perspectives help explain regional vulnerability, uneven development, and interdependence among nations. Tools like GIS and remote sensing enhance policy planning and disaster management.
In an interconnected world, geography enables holistic understanding of global problems and solutions.
Thus, geography remains central to interpreting and addressing contemporary global challenges.
End of Phase–III : Part–5
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