Geography Optional – Paper II (India)
Page–6 : Natural Vegetation & Soil Types of India
Distribution • Characteristics • Human Impact • PYQs with Model Answers
Q1. Explain the factors influencing the distribution of natural vegetation in India.
The distribution of natural vegetation in India is controlled by climate, soil, relief, drainage and human activities. Rainfall and temperature play a dominant role in determining vegetation types.
Altitude leads to vertical zonation in Himalayan regions, while coastal areas support mangrove forests due to saline conditions.
Q2. Describe major types of forests found in India.
Major forest types include tropical evergreen, tropical deciduous, thorn forests, montane forests and mangroves.
Tropical deciduous forests are the most widespread and form the backbone of India's forest economy.
Q3. Discuss the characteristics and distribution of major soil types in India.
India has diverse soils such as alluvial, black, red, laterite, arid and forest soils.
Alluvial soils support intensive agriculture, while black soils are ideal for cotton cultivation due to high moisture retention.
Q4. Soil degradation is a major environmental concern in India. Comment.
Soil erosion, salinization, waterlogging and nutrient depletion are serious problems caused by deforestation, over-irrigation and intensive farming.
Sustainable land management and soil conservation techniques are essential for long-term agricultural productivity.
End of Page–6 | Geography Optional – Paper II
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