Geography Optional – Paper II (India)
Page–5 : Indian Climate & Monsoon System
Origin • Mechanism • Variability • Previous Year Questions with Model Answers
Q1. Discuss the origin and mechanism of the Indian monsoon.
The Indian monsoon originates due to the differential heating of land and sea, seasonal shift of pressure belts and the development of a low-pressure area over north-western India.
The south-west monsoon is driven by cross-equatorial flow, Coriolis force and the Somali Jet, bringing moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean.
Q2. Examine the role of ENSO and IOD in monsoon variability.
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences Indian monsoon rainfall by altering Walker circulation. El Niño years generally weaken the monsoon, while La Niña strengthens it.
The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) can offset ENSO impacts. A positive IOD enhances monsoon rainfall even during El Niño years.
Q3. What are the major characteristics of Indian climate?
Indian climate is characterized by monsoon rainfall, seasonal reversal of winds, regional diversity and climatic extremes.
The Himalayas act as a climatic barrier, while the monsoon determines agriculture, water availability and economic activities.
Q4. Monsoon is no longer predictable. Comment.
Climate change, global warming, increased frequency of extreme events and changes in ocean-atmosphere interactions have made monsoon behaviour increasingly erratic.
This unpredictability poses serious challenges for agriculture, disaster management and water security in India.
End of Page–5 | Geography Optional – Paper II
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