Geography Optional – Paper II (India)
Page–12 : Environmental Geography & Sustainable Development
Environment • Resources • Sustainability • Climate Change • Development Conflicts
Q1. Explain the concept of environmental geography.
Environmental geography studies the interaction between human activities and the natural environment.
In India, rapid population growth and development pressures have intensified environmental stress.
Q2. Discuss major environmental problems associated with development in India.
Industrialisation, mining, deforestation and urbanisation have caused land degradation, water pollution and biodiversity loss.
Development–environment conflict is evident in regions like the Himalayas and tribal belts.
Q3. What is sustainable development? Analyse its relevance for India.
Sustainable development aims to meet present needs without compromising future generations.
For India, it is vital to balance economic growth with ecological conservation and social equity.
Q4. Examine the role of environmental policies in India.
Policies like the National Environment Policy, Forest Conservation Act and Wildlife Protection Act aim to protect ecological balance.
However, weak enforcement and developmental pressures remain key challenges.
Q5. Analyse climate change impacts on Indian geography.
Climate change affects monsoon variability, sea-level rise, glacier retreat and agricultural productivity.
India needs adaptive strategies integrating local knowledge, technology and governance.
End of Page–12 | Geography Optional – Paper II
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