📘 Geography Optional – Paper I
Page 18 – Political Geography & Geopolitical Theories
Q1. Define Political Geography. Explain its scope. (10 Marks)
- Study of spatial aspects of politics
- State, boundaries, territory
- Power relations in space
Q2. Explain Ratzel’s Organic Theory of the State. (10 Marks)
- State as a living organism
- Expansion for survival
- Criticised for geopolitical misuse
Q3. Discuss Mackinder’s Heartland Theory. (15 Marks)
- Pivot Area concept
- "Who controls Eastern Europe controls Heartland"
- Land power dominance
Q4. Explain Spykman’s Rimland Theory. (15 Marks)
- Coastal fringes importance
- Sea-land interface
- Control of Eurasia via Rimland
Q5. Differentiate between Natural and Artificial Boundaries. (10 Marks)
| Natural Boundaries | Artificial Boundaries |
|---|---|
| Rivers, Mountains | Lines drawn by agreement |
| Physical basis | Political basis |
Q6. Explain Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces in a State. (10 Marks)
- Centripetal – Unity promoting factors
- Centrifugal – Divisive forces
- Language, religion, economy
Q7. Discuss the concept of Buffer State. (10 Marks)
- Located between rival powers
- Reduces conflict
- Strategic importance
Q8. Explain Electoral Geography. (10 Marks)
- Voting patterns
- Spatial distribution of political behaviour
- Gerrymandering
Q9. Discuss Geopolitics in the 21st Century. (15 Marks)
- Energy security
- Maritime dominance
- Cyber geopolitics
Q10. Evaluate India’s Geopolitical Position. (15 Marks)
- Indian Ocean location
- Border issues
- Act East policy
- Strategic partnerships
📊 Page 18 Complete | Total Questions So Far: 180 / 1000
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