Geography Optional Paper II – Page 23
Population, Migration & Urbanisation in India
1. Population Distribution in India
- Highly uneven due to physical, economic and social factors
- Dense population in Indo-Gangetic plains and coastal regions
- Sparse population in Himalayas, deserts and forested areas
2. Factors Affecting Population Distribution
- Physical: Relief, climate, soil, water availability
- Economic: Industrialisation, agriculture, transport
- Social & Political: Urban facilities, stability, policies
3. Population Growth Trends
- Rapid growth during 1951–1981
- Declining growth rate after 1991
- Regional variations across states
4. Migration in India
- Internal Migration: Rural–urban, rural–rural
- International Migration: Limited but economically significant
- Mostly driven by employment and education
5. Causes of Migration
- Push Factors: Poverty, unemployment, disasters
- Pull Factors: Jobs, education, healthcare, urban life
6. Urbanisation in India
- India is experiencing rapid but uneven urban growth
- Expansion of metropolitan cities
- Growth of census towns
7. Problems of Urbanisation
- Slums and housing shortage
- Traffic congestion and pollution
- Inadequate urban infrastructure
- Urban poverty and informal sector
8. Government Initiatives
- Smart Cities Mission
- AMRUT
- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
9. Previous Year Question (Model)
“Discuss the patterns of migration in India and examine their impact on urbanisation.”
10. Answer Writing Tips
- Use census data and flow diagrams
- Draw migration arrows and urban hierarchy diagrams
- Link migration with regional development
👥🏙️ Shaktimatha Learning | Geography Optional – Population & Urbanisation
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