Geography Optional – Paper II (India)
Page–18 : Indian Climate, Monsoon Mechanism & Variability
Southwest Monsoon • Climate Controls • Variability & Climate Change
Q1. Explain the mechanism of the Indian monsoon.
The Indian monsoon is a seasonal reversal of winds caused by differential heating of land and sea.
Key mechanisms include the ITCZ shift, Tibetan Plateau heating, and the formation of low pressure over northwest India.
Q2. Discuss the factors influencing the onset and withdrawal of the monsoon.
Onset depends on cross-equatorial flow, Somali Jet strength and sea surface temperatures.
Withdrawal is influenced by weakening land-sea thermal contrast and southward movement of the ITCZ.
Q3. Analyse the causes of monsoon variability in India.
Monsoon variability arises due to ENSO, Indian Ocean Dipole, western disturbances and jet stream fluctuations.
Such variability leads to droughts, floods and agricultural uncertainty.
Q4. Examine the impact of climate change on the Indian monsoon.
Climate change has increased the frequency of extreme rainfall events while reducing the number of rainy days.
Rising temperatures intensify evaporation and disrupt traditional monsoon patterns.
Q5. How does monsoon variability affect India’s economy?
Agriculture, water resources and rural livelihoods are heavily dependent on monsoon performance.
Erratic monsoons affect food security, inflation and overall economic stability.
End of Page–18 | Geography Optional – Paper II
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