UPSC / UPPSC Geography Optional
Paper–II (Indian Geography) – Page 12
Population Composition & Demographic Transition in India
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
1. Introduction
Population composition refers to the qualitative aspects of population such as age, sex, literacy, occupation and rural–urban structure. Understanding population composition helps in policy planning and sustainable development.
2. Major Components of Population Composition
A. Age Composition
- Young population provides demographic dividend
- Ageing population poses social security challenges
B. Sex Composition
- Sex ratio indicates social status of women
- Regional disparities in India
C. Literacy & Education
- Key to human resource development
- Urban literacy higher than rural
D. Occupational Structure
- Primary, secondary and tertiary sectors
- Shift towards services sector
E. Rural–Urban Composition
- Rapid urbanisation
- Emergence of metropolitan cities
3. Demographic Transition Theory
The demographic transition model explains population growth in relation to changes in birth and death rates.
- Stage I: High birth & death rates
- Stage II: High birth, declining death rates
- Stage III: Declining birth & death rates
- Stage IV: Low birth & death rates
4. India’s Position in Demographic Transition
India is currently in the late expanding stage, with declining fertility and mortality rates. However, regional variations exist across states.
5. Issues Related to Population Composition
- Regional imbalances
- Gender inequality
- Unemployment
- Urban congestion
6. Policy Measures & Way Forward
- Skill development programs
- Health and education reforms
- Women empowerment
- Balanced regional development
7. Answer Writing Strategy
- Use demographic pyramid diagram
- Support with census data
- Explain regional variations
- Conclude with demographic dividend
Golden Rule: Diagram + data + analysis = high marks
End of Geography Optional – Paper II | Page 12
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
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