Shaktimatha 369 Learning

 

UPSC / UPPSC Geography Optional

Paper–II (Indian Geography) – Page 18

Political Geography of India – Boundaries, Borders & Geopolitics

Shaktimatha 369 Learning

---

1. Introduction

Political geography examines the spatial dimensions of political processes, territory, boundaries and geopolitical relationships. India’s political geography is shaped by its strategic location, diverse neighbours and complex boundary issues.

2. Types of Political Boundaries

• Natural boundaries – mountains, rivers, seas
• Artificial boundaries – latitudes, longitudes, negotiated lines
• Antecedent boundaries – drawn before settlement
• Subsequent boundaries – drawn after settlement

3. India’s International Boundaries

• Pakistan & Afghanistan – western border
• China, Nepal & Bhutan – northern border
• Bangladesh & Myanmar – eastern border
• Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea & Bay of Bengal – maritime boundary

4. Major Border & Boundary Issues

A. India–Pakistan Border

• Line of Control (LoC)
• Cross-border terrorism
• Ceasefire violations

B. India–China Border

• Line of Actual Control (LAC)
• Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh issues

C. India–Bangladesh Border

• Land Boundary Agreement
• River water sharing issues

5. Maritime Geography & India

• Long coastline (~7,500 km)
• Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
• Strategic importance of Indian Ocean

6. Geopolitical Importance of India

• Central location in Indo-Pacific region</