UPSC / UPPSC Geography Optional
Paper–II (Indian Geography) – Page 17
Climate Change & India – Impacts, Vulnerability & Adaptation
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
1. Introduction
Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation and atmospheric patterns, primarily driven by human activities. India, due to its geographical diversity and large population, is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts.
2. Causes of Climate Change
- Greenhouse gas emissions
- Burning of fossil fuels
- Deforestation and land-use change
- Industrial and agricultural activities
3. Impacts of Climate Change on India
A. Agriculture
- Changing monsoon patterns
- Crop yield variability
- Food security concerns
B. Water Resources
- Glacial retreat in Himalayas
- Altered river flow regimes
- Increased water stress
C. Coastal Areas
- Sea-level rise
- Coastal erosion
- Salinisation of groundwater
D. Human Health
- Heatwaves and mortality
- Spread of vector-borne diseases
4. Climate Vulnerability of India
- Large agrarian population
- Dependence on monsoon
- Long coastline
- Socio-economic inequalities
5. Adaptation Strategies
- Climate-resilient agriculture
- Water conservation techniques
- Disaster-resilient infrastructure
- Urban heat mitigation
6. Mitigation Measures
- Renewable energy transition
- Energy efficiency
- Afforestation and carbon sinks
- Sustainable transport
7. India’s Climate Action Framework
- National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
- India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
- State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs)
8. Way Forward
- Mainstream climate adaptation in development
- Strengthen climate governance
- Enhance climate finance and technology transfer
- Community-based adaptation
9. Answer Writing Strategy
- Begin with a brief definition
- Use India-specific examples
- Link impacts with adaptation measures
- Conclude with sustainable development goals
Golden Rule: Impact + vulnerability + response = high marks
End of Geography Optional – Paper II | Page 17
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
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