UPSC / UPPSC Geography Optional
Paper–II (Indian Geography) – Page 4
Indian Drainage System
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
1. Introduction
The drainage system of India has evolved over geological time and reflects the country’s physiography, climate and tectonic history. Indian rivers play a crucial role in agriculture, settlements, culture and economic development.
2. Classification of Indian Rivers
- Himalayan Rivers
- Peninsular Rivers
3. Himalayan Rivers
Himalayan rivers originate in the snow-covered Himalayas. They are perennial in nature due to snowmelt and monsoon rainfall. These rivers have long courses and form large floodplains.
Major Himalayan River Systems
- Indus River System
- Ganga River System
- Brahmaputra River System
Characteristics:
- Perennial flow
- Large drainage basins
- High silt load
- Meandering courses
4. Peninsular Rivers
Peninsular rivers originate in the Peninsular Plateau and are mostly seasonal in nature. They depend primarily on monsoon rainfall and have relatively shorter courses.
Major Peninsular Rivers
- Godavari
- Krishna
- Kaveri
- Mahanadi
- Narmada
- Tapi
Characteristics:
- Seasonal flow
- Fixed courses
- Shallow valleys
5. East-Flowing & West-Flowing Rivers
East-Flowing Rivers
- Longer courses
- Form extensive deltas
- Examples: Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri
West-Flowing Rivers
- Short and swift
- Flow through rift valleys
- Form estuaries
- Examples: Narmada, Tapi
6. River Regimes & Floods
- Seasonal variation in discharge
- Floods common in Himalayan rivers
- Silt deposition in plains
7. Significance of Indian Rivers
- Source of irrigation and drinking water
- Hydropower generation
- Navigation and inland transport
- Cultural and religious importance
8. Issues Related to Indian Rivers
- Floods and droughts
- River pollution
- Inter-state water disputes
- Over-extraction of water
9. Answer Writing Strategy
- Draw a river system map of India
- Compare Himalayan and Peninsular rivers
- Use case studies where relevant
- Conclude with sustainable river management
Golden Rule: Map + comparison table + relevance = high marks
End of Geography Optional – Paper II | Page 4
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
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