🟦 Geography Optional – MAINS
Paper–II : Indian Geography
Page – 29 | PYQs with Model Answers (Part–III)
UPSC / UPPSC | Shaktimatha 369 Learning
PYQ 8. Examine the role of mineral and energy resources in shaping the industrial geography of India. (15 Marks)
Model Answer
The spatial distribution of industries in India is closely linked with the availability of mineral and energy resources. Resource-based industrialisation has historically shaped regional economic patterns.
- Iron–steel industry near coal and iron ore belts
- Thermal power plants near coalfields
- Petroleum refining near ports and oilfields
- Hydropower-based industries in Himalayan regions
However, modern industries increasingly depend on infrastructure, markets and skilled labour, leading to diversified industrial locations.
Map to draw: Mineral belts and industrial regions of India
PYQ 9. Discuss the causes of regional imbalances in India and assess the effectiveness of regional planning strategies. (20 Marks)
Model Answer
Regional imbalances in India are the result of historical, geographical and policy-related factors.
- Colonial concentration of infrastructure
- Uneven natural resource distribution
- Skewed industrial investment
- Administrative and governance issues
Regional planning initiatives such as backward area development, industrial corridors and special incentives have achieved limited success. Greater decentralisation and region-specific strategies are required.
Map to draw: Backward regions and growth corridors
PYQ 10. Analyse the geopolitical significance of India’s borders and the challenges of border management. (15 Marks)
Model Answer
India’s long and diverse borders present both strategic advantages and security challenges. Border geography influences defence, trade and diplomatic relations.
- Mountainous borders with China pose terrain challenges
- Porous borders facilitate migration and smuggling
- Coastal security concerns in maritime zones
Integrated border management, infrastructure development and diplomatic engagement are essential for national security.
Map to draw: India’s international borders and sensitive zones
✔ Resource–industry linkage is crucial
✔ Evaluation fetches extra marks
✔ Border answers must be map-based
✔ Avoid descriptive repetition
End of MAINS – Paper II | Page 29
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
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