🟦 Geography Optional – MAINS Level
Paper–I : Physical Geography
Page – 5 | Glacial & Periglacial Geomorphology
UPSC / UPPSC | Shaktimatha 369 Learning
Q5. Explain the processes of glacial erosion and deposition. Discuss the major glacial and periglacial landforms with suitable examples from the Himalayas.
Directive: Explain + Discuss (Process + Landforms + Indian context)
Introduction
Glacial geomorphology deals with landforms produced by the action of moving ice. Glaciers act as powerful agents of erosion and deposition, particularly in high mountain regions such as the Himalayas.
Main Body
1. Glacial Erosional Processes
- Plucking: Removal of rock blocks due to freezing and thawing
- Abrasion: Scraping of bedrock by embedded rock debris
- Results in over-deepening and smoothing of valleys
2. Glacial Erosional Landforms
- Cirques: Armchair-shaped hollows at glacier heads
- Arêtes: Sharp ridges between two cirques
- Horns: Pyramidal peaks (e.g., Matterhorn-type)
- U-shaped valleys: Broad valley floors common in Himalayas
3. Glacial Depositional Landforms
- Moraines: Lateral, medial, terminal and ground moraines
- Outwash plains: Deposits by glacial meltwater
- Erratics: Large boulders transported far from source
4. Periglacial Processes & Landforms
- Occur in cold regions adjacent to glaciers
- Frost action: Freeze–thaw weathering
- Solifluction: Slow downslope movement of saturated soil
- Patterned ground: Stone circles and polygons
5. Himalayan Context
- Glacial valleys in Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh
- Morainic dams forming glacial lakes (GLOF risk)
- Periglacial features common in trans-Himalayan region
Conclusion
Glacial and periglacial processes play a vital role in shaping high mountain landscapes. In the Himalayas, they not only influence landform development but also have implications for hazards, water resources and climate change studies.
Diagrams to draw in exam:
• U-shaped valley vs V-shaped valley
• Cirque, arête and horn
• Types of moraines
Examiner’s View:
✔ Clear distinction between erosion and deposition
✔ Himalayan examples strengthen answer
✔ Periglacial processes add analytical depth
✔ Diagrams are compulsory for high marks
End of MAINS – Page 5
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
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