Geography Optional Paper II – Page 28
Previous Year Questions with Model Answers – Disasters, Climate & Urbanisation
Question 1
“Discuss the spatial distribution of floods in India and suggest mitigation measures.”
Answer:
Floods in India are concentrated in the Ganga–Brahmaputra plains, eastern coastal regions and parts of central India. High monsoonal rainfall, river siltation, deforestation and unplanned urbanisation are major causes. Structural measures such as dams, embankments and flood forecasting systems must be combined with non-structural measures like land-use zoning, wetland conservation and community-based disaster management.
Question 2
“Examine the causes and consequences of droughts in India.”
Answer:
Droughts in India are mainly caused by monsoon failure, high evapotranspiration and poor water management. Regions such as Rajasthan, Bundelkhand and parts of the Deccan Plateau are most affected. Consequences include crop failure, groundwater depletion, rural distress and migration. Watershed management, drought-resistant crops and efficient irrigation are key mitigation strategies.
Question 3
“How is climate change impacting India’s agriculture and water resources?”
Answer:
Climate change has increased temperature extremes, altered rainfall patterns and intensified extreme events. This affects crop yields, cropping seasons and water availability. Himalayan glacier retreat threatens river flow stability, while erratic monsoons challenge food security. Climate-smart agriculture and integrated water resource management are essential responses.
Question 4
“Analyse the problems of rapid urbanisation in India.”
Answer:
Rapid urbanisation in India has led to housing shortages, slums, traffic congestion and environmental degradation. Inadequate infrastructure and governance capacity worsen urban challenges. Sustainable urban planning, smart city initiatives and inclusive housing policies are crucial for balanced urban growth.
Question 5
“Evaluate the role of disaster management institutions in India.”
Answer:
Institutions such as the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Response Forces play a vital role in preparedness, response and rehabilitation. Improved early warning systems and inter-agency coordination have reduced disaster mortality, though capacity building at the local level remains a challenge.
Answer Writing Tips
- Use recent disaster examples (cyclones, floods, heatwaves)
- Add India-specific data and maps
- Link disasters with climate change
- Conclude with policy solutions
📘 Shaktimatha Learning | Geography Optional Paper II – Disasters, Climate & Urbanisation
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