Geography Optional Paper II – Page 21
Irrigation & Water Resources of India
1. Importance of Irrigation in India
- Reduces dependence on monsoon
- Ensures multiple cropping
- Increases agricultural productivity
- Stabilizes rural economy
2. Sources of Irrigation
- Surface water (rivers, canals, tanks)
- Groundwater (wells, tube wells)
- Rainwater harvesting
3. Major Types of Irrigation
- Canal Irrigation: Indus–Ganga plains, deltaic regions
- Tank Irrigation: Peninsular plateau
- Well & Tube Well Irrigation: Northern plains
- Lift Irrigation: Plateau and hilly regions
4. Major River Valley Projects
- Bhakra–Nangal Project
- Damodar Valley Project
- Nagarjuna Sagar Project
- Tungabhadra Project
5. Groundwater Resources
- Major source of irrigation in India
- Over-extraction in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan
- Declining water table
6. Problems of Irrigation
- Waterlogging
- Soil salinity and alkalinity
- Unequal regional distribution
- High maintenance costs
7. Interlinking of Rivers
- Transfer of surplus water to deficit areas
- Flood control and drought mitigation
- Ecological and social concerns
8. Sustainable Water Management
- Micro-irrigation (drip & sprinkler)
- Rainwater harvesting
- Watershed management
- Participatory irrigation management
9. Previous Year Question (Model)
“Discuss the role of irrigation in agricultural development of India and examine the associated problems.”
10. Answer Writing Tips
- Draw canal and river basin maps
- Link irrigation with cropping intensity
- Add sustainability perspective
💧 Shaktimatha Learning | Geography Optional – Irrigation & Water Resources
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