Geography Optional Paper II – Page 18
Indian Climate: Monsoon Mechanism & Variability
1. Nature of Indian Climate
India experiences a tropical monsoon climate, characterised by seasonal reversal of winds and uneven distribution of rainfall.
2. Factors Affecting Indian Climate
- Latitudinal extent
- Himalayan mountain barrier
- Indian Ocean influence
- Pressure and wind systems
- Jet streams
3. Monsoon Mechanism
The Indian monsoon is driven by differential heating between land and sea, resulting in seasonal wind reversal.
- South-West Monsoon (June–September)
- North-East Monsoon (October–December)
4. Onset and Advance of Monsoon
- Onset over Kerala – early June
- Gradual northward advance
- Influence of Somali Jet and ITCZ shift
5. Breaks in the Monsoon
Breaks refer to dry spells during the rainy season caused by northward shift of monsoon trough.
6. Retreating (North-East) Monsoon
- Begins from October
- Major rainfall for Tamil Nadu coast
- Associated with tropical cyclones
7. Monsoon Variability
- Inter-annual variability
- Spatial variability
- Extreme rainfall events
8. Role of ENSO & IOD
- El Niño – weak monsoon
- La Niña – strong monsoon
- Positive IOD may offset El Niño impact
9. Climate Change and Indian Monsoon
- Increased rainfall intensity
- Frequent floods and droughts
- Shift in monsoon patterns
10. Previous Year Question (Model)
“Explain the mechanism of Indian monsoon and examine the causes of its variability.”
11. Answer Writing Pointers
- Draw schematic monsoon diagrams
- Integrate climate change examples
- Use sub-headings and flowcharts
🌦️ Shaktimatha Learning | Geography Optional – Indian Climate & Monsoon
.png)
No comments:
Post a Comment