Geography Optional Paper II – Page 16
Environmental Geography, Climate Change & Sustainability
1. Environmental Geography: Concept
Environmental geography studies the interaction between human activities and the natural environment, focusing on sustainability, conservation, and ecological balance.
2. Major Environmental Issues in India
- Deforestation and biodiversity loss
- Land degradation and desertification
- Water pollution and scarcity
- Air pollution in urban centres
3. Climate Change: Meaning
Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and weather patterns mainly due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Causes of Climate Change
- Burning of fossil fuels
- Industrialization and urbanization
- Deforestation
- Agricultural emissions
5. Impacts of Climate Change on India
- Irregular monsoon and extreme rainfall
- Rising temperatures and heat waves
- Sea-level rise affecting coastal regions
- Threats to agriculture and food security
6. Sustainable Development
Sustainable development aims to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
7. Environmental Policies & Initiatives
- National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
- Renewable energy missions
- National Afforestation Programme
- Swachh Bharat Mission
8. International Environmental Agreements
- Paris Climate Agreement
- Kyoto Protocol
- Convention on Biological Diversity
9. Previous Year Question (Model)
“Examine the impact of climate change on Indian agriculture and suggest adaptation measures.”
10. Answer Writing Tips
- Use current data and examples
- Link environment with economy
- Incorporate government schemes
🌱 Shaktimatha Learning | Geography Optional – Environmental Geography & Climate Change
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