Geography Optional MAINS – Paper I
📘 Page–9 : Environmental Geography & Sustainable Development
1️⃣ Environmental Geography – Meaning
Environmental Geography studies the interaction between humans and the natural environment, focusing on resource use, environmental degradation and sustainability.
It integrates physical geography with human activities.
2️⃣ Man–Environment Relationship
- Environmental determinism
- Possibilism
- Neo-determinism (Stop-and-Go determinism)
Modern geography supports balanced human intervention.
3️⃣ Environmental Problems – Global & Regional
- Climate change
- Deforestation
- Soil degradation
- Water scarcity
- Loss of biodiversity
4️⃣ Concept of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development means meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations.
It was popularised by the Brundtland Commission (1987).
5️⃣ Pillars of Sustainable Development
- Economic sustainability
- Social sustainability
- Environmental sustainability
All three pillars must work together.
6️⃣ Sustainable Resource Management
- Renewable energy adoption
- Water conservation
- Soil management
- Forest conservation
Resource efficiency is the core of sustainability.
7️⃣ Environmental Policies & Planning
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
- National Environment Policy
- Climate action plans
- Biodiversity conservation strategies
8️⃣ Sustainable Development in India
- National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
- Swachh Bharat Mission
- Renewable energy targets
- Jal Jeevan Mission
India integrates development with ecological concerns.
9️⃣ Role of Geography in Sustainability
- Spatial analysis of resources
- Vulnerability mapping
- Disaster risk reduction
- Climate adaptation planning
🔟 Examiner’s View – Answer Writing Tips
- Use diagrams (resource cycles, SDGs)
- Quote global & Indian examples
- Link theory with current affairs
- Highlight solutions & way forward
✅ End of Geography Optional MAINS – Page 9
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