UPSC / UPPSC Geography Optional
Paper–II (Indian Geography) – Page 8
Irrigation & Water Resources of India
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
1. Introduction
Water resources are the backbone of Indian agriculture, industry and domestic consumption. Irrigation plays a vital role in reducing dependence on monsoon rainfall and ensuring food security in a monsoon-dominated climate.
2. Sources of Water in India
- Surface water – rivers, lakes, reservoirs
- Groundwater – wells and tube wells
- Rainwater harvesting
- Glacial and snowmelt (Himalayan rivers)
3. Major Types of Irrigation in India
A. Canal Irrigation
- Most important irrigation method
- Extensive in Northern Plains
- Perennial and inundation canals
B. Well & Tube Well Irrigation
- Dominant in Peninsular India
- Depends on groundwater availability
- Flexible and farmer-controlled
C. Tank Irrigation
- Traditional system
- Important in Deccan Plateau
- Rainfed and seasonal
D. Modern Irrigation Methods
- Drip irrigation
- Sprinkler irrigation
- Micro-irrigation techniques
4. Major Irrigation Regions
- Indo-Gangetic Plain – canal irrigation
- North-West India – tube wells
- Peninsular India – tanks and wells
5. Issues Related to Water Resources
- Over-extraction of groundwater
- Declining water tables
- Inter-state river disputes
- Water pollution
- Climate change impact
6. Water Resource Management & Conservation
- Rainwater harvesting
- Watershed management
- Efficient irrigation practices
- River interlinking (debated)
7. Answer Writing Strategy
- Draw a simple irrigation map of India
- Compare canal vs groundwater irrigation
- Mention sustainability challenges
- Conclude with integrated water management
Golden Rule: Source + region + problem + solution = high marks
End of Geography Optional – Paper II | Page 8
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
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