UPSC / UPPSC Geography Optional
Paper–II (Indian Geography) – Page 15
Environmental Geography of India – Issues & Sustainable Development
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
1. Introduction
Environmental geography examines the interaction between human activities and the natural environment. In India, rapid population growth, urbanisation and industrialisation have exerted immense pressure on land, water, forests and biodiversity.
2. Major Environmental Components
- Land resources
- Water resources
- Forest and biodiversity
- Atmosphere and climate
3. Major Environmental Issues in India
A. Deforestation
- Loss of forest cover
- Threat to biodiversity
- Soil erosion and climate impact
B. Land Degradation & Desertification
- Overgrazing and deforestation
- Unsustainable agricultural practices
- Affects arid and semi-arid regions
C. Water Pollution & Scarcity
- Industrial effluents and sewage discharge
- Over-extraction of groundwater
- River pollution
D. Air Pollution
- Vehicular and industrial emissions
- Urban smog and health hazards
4. Climate Change & India
- Rising temperatures
- Changing monsoon patterns
- Glacial retreat in Himalayas
- Increased frequency of extreme events
5. Sustainable Development in India
Sustainable development aims to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations.
- Renewable energy expansion
- Afforestation and conservation
- Sustainable agriculture
- Waste management and recycling
6. Environmental Policies & Initiatives
- National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
- National Afforestation Programme
- Swachh Bharat Mission
- National Biodiversity Action Plan
7. Way Forward
- Strengthening environmental governance
- Public participation and awareness
- Green technologies
- Balancing development and conservation
8. Answer Writing Strategy
- Begin with definition and relevance
- Use Indian examples and data
- Link environment with development
- Conclude with sustainability perspective
Golden Rule: Issue + impact + policy + sustainability = high marks
End of Geography Optional – Paper II | Page 15
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
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