🟦 Geography Optional – MAINS
Paper–II : Indian Geography
Page – 21 | Irrigation & Agricultural Regions
UPSC / UPPSC | Shaktimatha 369 Learning
Q21. Discuss the importance of irrigation in Indian agriculture. Examine the major sources of irrigation and problems of water resource management in India.
Directive: Discuss + Examine (Analytical & Applied)
Introduction
Irrigation plays a crucial role in Indian agriculture by reducing dependence on monsoon rainfall and ensuring crop stability. It has enabled multiple cropping and regional agricultural development.
Main Body
1. Importance of Irrigation in India
- Stabilises agricultural production
- Supports Green Revolution crops
- Enables crop diversification
- Reduces drought vulnerability
2. Major Sources of Irrigation
- Canal irrigation: Northern plains and delta regions
- Well & tube-well irrigation: Most widespread source
- Tank irrigation: Peninsular India
- River-lift and drip irrigation: Modern methods
3. Agricultural Regions of India
- Rice–wheat region of Indo-Gangetic plains
- Millet region of semi-arid Deccan plateau
- Plantation agriculture in Western Ghats
- Horticulture belts near urban centres
4. Problems of Water Resource Management
- Over-exploitation of groundwater
- Inter-state river water disputes
- Waterlogging and salinisation
- Inefficient irrigation practices
5. Measures for Sustainable Water Management
- Micro-irrigation techniques
- Rainwater harvesting
- Watershed development programmes
- Integrated river basin management
Conclusion
Efficient irrigation and water management are essential for sustainable agriculture in India. Balancing agricultural needs with ecological concerns will determine long-term food and water security.
Maps/Diagrams to draw in exam:
• Irrigation intensity map of India
• Major agricultural regions
• Canal vs groundwater irrigation diagram
Examiner’s View:
✔ Map-based answers score high
✔ Mention regional variation
✔ Link irrigation with sustainability
✔ Avoid scheme-heavy answers
End of MAINS – Paper II | Page 21
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
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