🟦 Geography Optional – MAINS
Paper–II : Indian Geography
Page – 25 | Environmental Geography & Climate Change (India)
UPSC / UPPSC | Shaktimatha 369 Learning
Q25. Discuss the major environmental problems in India. Analyse the impact of climate change on India’s physical and human geography.
Directive: Discuss + Analyse (Contemporary & Applied)
Introduction
India’s rapid economic growth, population pressure and resource-intensive development have resulted in serious environmental challenges. Climate change has further intensified ecological stress and regional vulnerabilities.
Main Body
1. Major Environmental Problems in India
- Deforestation and biodiversity loss
- Air, water and soil pollution
- Land degradation and desertification
- Solid waste and plastic pollution
- Groundwater depletion
2. Climate Change and India’s Physical Geography
- Melting Himalayan glaciers affecting river regimes
- Sea-level rise threatening coastal regions
- Increased frequency of floods, droughts and cyclones
- Changing monsoon patterns
3. Impact on Human Geography
- Agricultural productivity fluctuations
- Climate-induced migration
- Urban heat island effect
- Livelihood stress in coastal and tribal areas
4. Regional Vulnerability in India
- Himalayan region – glacial hazards
- Coastal India – cyclones and erosion
- Arid and semi-arid regions – droughts
- River basins – flood risks
5. Sustainability & Mitigation Measures
- Renewable energy expansion
- Afforestation and ecosystem restoration
- Climate-resilient agriculture
- Disaster risk reduction strategies
- Community-based environmental management
Conclusion
Environmental sustainability and climate resilience must form the core of India’s development strategy. Integrating ecological concerns with planning is essential to ensure long-term environmental security and human well-being.
Maps/Diagrams to draw in exam:
• Climate vulnerability map of India
• Flood, drought and cyclone-prone regions
• Glacial retreat and coastal risk zones
Examiner’s View:
✔ Link climate change with Indian regions
✔ Use contemporary examples
✔ Integrate physical + human geography
✔ Avoid purely environmental activism tone
End of MAINS – Paper II | Page 25
Shaktimatha 369 Learning
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