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🟦 Geography Optional – MAINS Level

Paper–I : Physical Geography

Page – 1 | Geomorphology

UPSC / UPPSC | Shaktimatha 369 Learning

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Q1. Explain the theory of Plate Tectonics and discuss its significance in understanding major landforms of the Earth.

Approach: Definition → Mechanism → Landforms → Evaluation

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Introduction

The theory of Plate Tectonics explains the movement of large lithospheric plates over the asthenosphere. It provides a unifying framework for understanding earthquakes, volcanism, mountain building and continental drift.

Main Body

1. Mechanism of Plate Movement

• Lithosphere is divided into rigid plates
• Movement driven by mantle convection, ridge push and slab pull
• Three types of boundaries:
  • Convergent
  • Divergent
  • Transform

2. Landforms Explained by Plate Tectonics

• Fold Mountains: Himalayas due to Indian–Eurasian collision
• Volcanoes: Andes along subduction zones
• Mid-Ocean Ridges: Divergent boundaries (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)
• Rift Valleys: East African Rift
• Earthquakes: Along transform faults (San Andreas)

3. Significance

• Explains distribution of continents and oceans
• Integrates earlier theories like continental drift
• Helps in disaster prediction and resource exploration

Conclusion

Plate Tectonics remains the most comprehensive theory to explain Earth’s dynamic surface. Its application extends from academic understanding to practical fields like hazard management and mineral exploration.

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Diagram to draw in exam:
• Convergent plate boundary (subduction)
• Divergent plate boundary (mid-ocean ridge)

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End of MAINS – Page 1
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